Pharmacy I –
Pharmacology
1. Which of the following is a commonly used antihypertensive drug?
a) Aspirin
b) Lisinopril
c) Metformin
d) Levothyroxine
Answer: b) Lisinopril. Lisinopril is an ACE inhibitor that is commonly used to treat hypertension by reducing the amount of angiotensin II produced in the body.
2. What is the mechanism of action of opioid analgesics?
a) Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis
b) Inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes
c) Activation of opioid receptors
d) Inhibition of serotonin reuptake
Answer: c) Activation of opioid receptors. Opioid analgesics work by activating opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, which results in decreased pain perception.
3. What is the main pharmacological effect of benzodiazepines?
a) Analgesia
b) Sedation
c) Muscle relaxation
d) Anti-inflammatory
Answer: b) Sedation. Benzodiazepines are commonly used as sedatives due to their ability to enhance the activity of GABA receptors in the brain, resulting in a calming effect.
4. Which of the following drugs is used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
a) Ranitidine
b) Metoclopramide
c) Omeprazole
d) Simethicone
Answer: c) Omeprazole. Omeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor that reduces the amount of acid produced in the stomach and is commonly used to treat GERD.
5. Which of the following is a common side effect of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)?
a) Dry mouth
b) Headache
c) Hyperkalemia
d) Hypoglycemia
Answer: c) Hyperkalemia. ARBs can cause hyperkalemia, or high levels of potassium in the blood, as they can inhibit the action of aldosterone, which regulates potassium excretion.
6. Which of the following drugs is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)?
a) Amitriptyline
b) Fluoxetine
c) Venlafaxine
d) Duloxetine
Answer: b) Fluoxetine. Fluoxetine is a commonly prescribed SSRI that is used to treat depression, anxiety, and other mental health conditions.
7. Which of the following is a common side effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)?
a) Diarrhea
b) Constipation
c) Nausea
d) Hypertension
Answer: c) Nausea. NSAIDs can cause gastrointestinal side effects, such as nausea, due to their ability to inhibit the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes involved in prostaglandin synthesis.
8. Which of the following drugs is used to treat asthma?
a) Albuterol
b) Furosemide
c) Digoxin
d) Metoprolol
Answer: a) Albuterol. Albuterol is a short-acting beta agonist that is commonly used to treat asthma by relaxing the muscles in the airways.
9. Which of the following is a common side effect of statins?
a) Hypoglycemia
b) Myalgia
c) Bradycardia
d) Hypertension
Answer: b) Myalgia. Statins can cause myalgia, or muscle pain, due to their ability to reduce the production of cholesterol in the body.
10. What is the mechanism of action of aspirin?
a) Inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes
b) Inhibition of thromboxane A2 synthesis
c) Activation of the ADP receptor on platelets
d) Inhibition of platelet aggregation via glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors
Answer: b) Inhibition of thromboxane A2 synthesis
Explanation: Aspirin irreversibly inhibits the COX-1 enzyme, which leads to a decreased production of thromboxane A2, a potent platelet activator. This action ultimately reduces platelet aggregation and helps to prevent blood clotting.
Pharmaceutics-
1. Which of the following is a disadvantage of using a suspension as a dosage form?
a) Improved stability
b) Easy administration to pediatric and geriatric patients
c) Lack of uniformity of dose
d) Rapid onset of action
Answer: c) Lack of uniformity of dose
Explanation: Suspensions are composed of solid particles dispersed in a liquid medium. The particles may settle over time, leading to lack of uniformity of dose. However, suspensions can be advantageous for patients who have difficulty swallowing tablets or capsules.
2. Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting drug absorption from the gastrointestinal tract?
a) Gastric emptying rate
b) Intestinal motility
c) pH of the gastrointestinal fluid
d) Molecular weight of the drug
Answer: d) Molecular weight of the drug
Explanation: Factors that affect drug absorption from the gastrointestinal tract include gastric emptying rate, intestinal motility, pH of the gastrointestinal fluid, solubility of the drug, and formulation factors such as particle size.
3. Which of the following is an advantage of using a transdermal patch as a dosage form?
a) Rapid onset of action
b) Easy administration to pediatric and geriatric patients
c) Avoidance of first-pass metabolism
d) High bioavailability
Answer: c) Avoidance of first-pass metabolism
Explanation: Transdermal patches are designed to deliver a drug through the skin and into the systemic circulation. They can bypass first-pass metabolism, which occurs when a drug is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and metabolized in the liver before entering the systemic circulation.
4. Which of the following is a method for preparing a liquid dosage form?
a) Lyophilization
b) Granulation
c) Compression
d) Levigation
Answer: d) Levigation
Explanation: Levigation is a method of preparing a liquid dosage form by triturating a solid drug with a liquid vehicle in which it is insoluble. The resulting mixture is a suspension.
5. Which of the following is NOT a method for improving the solubility of a poorly soluble drug?
a) Particle size reduction
b) Salt formation
c) Complexation
d) Emulsification
Answer: d) Emulsification
Explanation: Emulsification is a technique used to prepare emulsions, which are a type of suspension. It is not a method for improving the solubility of a poorly soluble drug. Particle size reduction, salt formation, and complexation are all methods that can improve solubility.
6. Which of the following is an excipient commonly used to prepare tablets?
a) Magnesium stearate
b) Sodium chloride
c) Glycerin
d) Propylene glycol
Answer: a) Magnesium stearate
Explanation: Magnesium stearate is a common excipient used in tablet formulations. It is a lubricant that improves the flow of the powder mixture during compression.
7. What is the purpose of enteric coating on tablets?
a) To improve the taste of the tablet
b) To improve the appearance of the tablet
c) To protect the drug from gastric acid
d) To increase the bioavailability of the drug
Answer: c) To protect the drug from gastric acid
Explanation: Enteric coating is a type of coating used on tablets to protect them from the acidic environment of the stomach. This helps ensure that the drug is not broken down by the stomach acid before it can be absorbed by the body.
8. Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects drug absorption?
a) Solubility of the drug
b) pH of the drug
c) Surface area of the absorptive surface
d) Time of day when the drug is administered
Answer: d) Time of day when the drug is administered
Explanation: The time of day when a drug is administered is not a factor that affects drug absorption. The other factors listed can all have an impact on drug absorption.
9. What is the purpose of a placebo in a clinical trial?
a) To act as a control group for comparison with the group receiving the active drug
b) To make the trial more exciting for the participants
c) To reduce the risk of adverse effects from the active drug
d) To ensure that all participants receive some form of treatment
Answer: a) To act as a control group for comparison with the group receiving the active drug
Explanation: A placebo is a substance that has no therapeutic effect, but is given to some participants in a clinical trial as a control group. The purpose of the control group is to provide a basis for comparison with the group receiving the active drug.
10. Which of the following is NOT a method of sterilization?
a) Autoclaving
b) Filtration
c) Radiation
d) Freezing
Answer: d) Freezing
Explanation: Freezing is not a method of sterilization. Autoclaving, filtration, and radiation are all methods of sterilization commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry.
HOSPITAL AND CLINICAL PHARMACY –
1. Which of the following is an example of a controlled substance?
A) Acetaminophen
B) Ibuprofen
C) Morphine
D) Diphenhydramine
Answer: C) Morphine
Explanation: Controlled substances are drugs that are regulated by the government due to their potential for abuse or dependence. Morphine is a narcotic pain medication that is classified as a Schedule II controlled substance.
2. Which of the following is an example of an adverse drug reaction?
A) Dizziness after taking a blood pressure medication
B) A headache after taking an analgesic
C) Increased appetite after taking an antidepressant
D) Sleepiness after taking an antihistamine
Answer: A) Dizziness after taking a blood pressure medication
Explanation: An adverse drug reaction is any unintended or harmful reaction to a medication, including side effects and allergic reactions. Dizziness after taking a blood pressure medication could be a side effect of the medication.
3. What is the maximum number of refills allowed on a Schedule III controlled substance prescription?
A) 0
B) 1
C) 2
D) 5
Answer: C) 2
Explanation: Schedule III controlled substances can be refilled up to 5 times within 6 months of the date of the prescription, but not more than 2 refills can be dispensed at one time.
4. Which of the following medications is an anticoagulant?
A) Warfarin
B) Metoprolol
C) Albuterol
D) Omeprazole
Answer: A) Warfarin
Explanation: Warfarin is an anticoagulant medication that is used to prevent blood clots. It works by blocking the action of vitamin K, which is necessary for blood clotting.
5. Which of the following is a common side effect of opioids?
A) Insomnia
B) Constipation
C) Anxiety
D) Diarrhea
Answer: B) Constipation
Explanation: Opioids are a class of drugs that are used to relieve pain. A common side effect of opioids is constipation, which can be managed with the use of laxatives or stool softeners.
6. Which of the following is an example of a drug interaction?
A) Taking a multivitamin with breakfast
B) Taking a blood pressure medication with food
C) Taking a proton pump inhibitor with an antibiotic
D) Taking an antihistamine at bedtime
Answer: C) Taking a proton pump inhibitor with an antibiotic
Explanation: A drug interaction occurs when two or more medications interact with each other in a way that alters their effect on the body. Taking a proton pump inhibitor with an antibiotic can reduce the absorption of the antibiotic, making it less effective.
7. Which of the following medications is used to treat Type 2 diabetes?
A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Metformin
D) Levothyroxine
Answer: C) Metformin
Explanation: Metformin is an oral medication that is used to treat Type 2 diabetes by lowering blood glucose levels.
9. Which of the following is the most common type of medication error in hospitals?
A. Overdose
B. Underdose
C. Administration of wrong medication
D. Wrong route of administration
Answer: C. Administration of wrong medication. This is the most common type of medication error in hospitals, accounting for approximately 34% of all medication errors.
10. Which of the following is not a type of medication order?
A. Standing order
B. PRN order
C. One-time order
D. Informed consent order
Answer: D. Informed consent order. Informed consent is not a type of medication order. It is a legal requirement for certain medical procedures and treatments.